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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polvorgabe</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Polvorgabe</b> bzw. <i>Eigenwertvorgabe</i> ist eine geradlinige Methode, einen <a href="Regler" title="Regler">Regler</a> im
<a href="Zustandsraumdarstellung" title="Zustandsraumdarstellung">Zustandsraum</a> zu entwerfen. Sie besteht aus drei Schritten, die ggf. mehrfach wiederholt werden können:
</p>
<ol><li>Vorgabe der Eigenwerte bzw. Pole des geschlossenen Regelkreises</li>
<li>Berechnung der Zustandsrückführung</li>
<li>Überprüfung, ob das Einschwingverhalten bzw. der Stellgrößenverlauf das gewünschte Verhalten haben</li></ol>
<p>Grundlage für dieses Vorgehen ist der enge Zusammenhang zwischen den Eigenwerten eines Systems (hier des geschlossenen Regelkreises) und seiner Sprungantwort.
</p><p>Besonders einfach wird das Verfahren beim Entwurf von vollständigen Zustandsrückführungen für <a href="Eingr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eingrößensystem">Eingrößensysteme</a>, da hier in der Regel eine eindeutige Rückführung existiert. Sie kann mit der sog. <i>Formel von Jürgen Ackermann</i> ermittelt werden.
Für Systeme mit mehr als einer Stellgröße (<a href="Mehrgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehrgrößensystem">Mehrgrößensysteme</a>) existieren die Verfahren der modalen Polvorgabe und die Entkopplung nach Falb-Wolovich.
</p><p>Wenn nicht alle Zustandsgrößen messbar sind, können die nicht messbaren Größen durch einen <a href="Beobachter_(Regelungstechnik)" title="Beobachter (Regelungstechnik)">Beobachter</a> aus den messbaren Größen berechnet werden.
</p><p>Beim Entwurf von <a href="Regler#Regler_mit_Ausgangsrückführung" title="Regler">Ausgangsrückführungen</a> werden nicht alle Zustandsgrößen zurückgeführt. Dies ist der Fall, wenn einerseits nicht alle Zustandsgrößen messbar sind, andererseits aber ein Beobachter nicht eingesetzt werden kann. Hier ist man auf numerische Methoden angewiesen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOE94Absch.14_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOE94Absch.14-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>FOE94 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ein anderer Weg zum Entwurf von Zustandsreglern ist die <a href="Optimale_Regelung" title="Optimale Regelung">Optimale Regelung</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vorgabe_der_Pole">Vorgabe der Pole</h2></div>
<p>Zur Wahl der Pole bzw. Eigenwerte des Regelkreises lässt sich keine generelle Vorgehensweise angeben. Natürlich müssen alle Pole links der Imaginärachse liegen, um die Stabilität zu sichern. Zu weit links wird man sie nicht legen können, da dies bei realen Systemen in die Stellgrößenbeschränkung führt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOE94Absch.13.3.1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOE94Absch.13.3.1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>FOE94 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Eine kleine Nebenrechnung an dieser Stelle soll demonstrieren, warum Eigenwerte der Systemmatrix den Polen der Übertragungsfunktion entsprechen.
</p><p>Ausgangspunkt ist die Zustandsgleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}(t)=Ax(t)+Bu(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}(t)=Ax(t)+Bu(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bf0420687df3296478180e7b6da974e5b9b57cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.382ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}(t)=Ax(t)+Bu(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>, die mit Hilfe der Laplace-Transformation in den Bildraum transformiert wird (unter Vernachlässigung von Anfangswerten):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle sX(s)=AX(s)+BU(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle sX(s)=AX(s)+BU(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/210a880ec6a368b8e7e76ca7b6df22443fbd5fe4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.978ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle sX(s)=AX(s)+BU(s)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (sI-A)X(s)=BU(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (sI-A)X(s)=BU(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a309155a1cd3781f4284e8af6f61db76e29a24f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.08ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (sI-A)X(s)=BU(s)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X(s)=(sI-A)^{-1}BU(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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</msup>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X(s)=(sI-A)^{-1}BU(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/318b14e3e9b568be2673cb9728032f8cd6d060da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.412ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X(s)=(sI-A)^{-1}BU(s)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aufstellen der Übertragungsfunktion liefert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(s)={\frac {Y(s)}{U(s)}}={\frac {CX(s)}{U(s)}}={\frac {C(sI-A)^{-1}BU(s)}{U(s)}}={\frac {C\operatorname {adj} (sI-A)B}{\det(sI-A)}}\qquad {\text{mit}}\qquad (sI-A)^{-1}={\frac {\operatorname {adj} (sI-A)}{\det(sI-A)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>C</mi>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>C</mi>
<mi>adj</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</mrow>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>mit</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>adj</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(s)={\frac {Y(s)}{U(s)}}={\frac {CX(s)}{U(s)}}={\frac {C(sI-A)^{-1}BU(s)}{U(s)}}={\frac {C\operatorname {adj} (sI-A)B}{\det(sI-A)}}\qquad {\text{mit}}\qquad (sI-A)^{-1}={\frac {\operatorname {adj} (sI-A)}{\det(sI-A)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21a3a18c78c1dd05d6537a512fa75916dbc0c799.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:106.318ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(s)={\frac {Y(s)}{U(s)}}={\frac {CX(s)}{U(s)}}={\frac {C(sI-A)^{-1}BU(s)}{U(s)}}={\frac {C\operatorname {adj} (sI-A)B}{\det(sI-A)}}\qquad {\text{mit}}\qquad (sI-A)^{-1}={\frac {\operatorname {adj} (sI-A)}{\det(sI-A)}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {adj} (sI-A)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>adj</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {adj} (sI-A)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf0eac2271ae37f95676970caab9d52fbffe2fa3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.822ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {adj} (sI-A)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Adjunkte der Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (sI-A)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (sI-A)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4036465a4e8a6a2e48a2bb65922e772eb46dec15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.655ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (sI-A)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
</p><p>Wenn man nun die Pole der Übertragungsfunktion bestimmen will, gilt es die Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \det(sI-A)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \det(sI-A)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/009e0313bebb7b6dbcc54249f865c297dba30951.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.145ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \det(sI-A)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> zu lösen, die ebenfalls die Gleichung zur Bestimmung von Eigenwerten der Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> darstellt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bestimmung_der_Reglerparameter">Bestimmung der Reglerparameter</h2></div>
<p>Das System sei im Zustandsraum durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}=Ax+Bu}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}=Ax+Bu}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cfe966c88cbedb70bd3d50450b4d005b3df2c26b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:13.435ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}=Ax+Bu}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>beschrieben und es soll eine Rückführung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u=-Kx}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u=-Kx}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47d518d9d10df2b82a96c8377febf9e03648eae9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.632ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u=-Kx}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bestimmt werden. Dann wird der geschlossene Regelkreis durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}=(A-BK)x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}=(A-BK)x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aa370d8b104d47630b224d5278f15ef4a2b80072.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.981ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}}=(A-BK)x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>beschrieben. Die Eigenwerte des geschlossenen Regelkreises sind die Lösung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cfda82668232cbdc0874ed28ab8b6079420d1ffe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.89ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \det \left[sI-\left(A-BK\right)\right]=0.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \det \left[sI-\left(A-BK\right)\right]=0.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc9a82eead0cdfad831f435c4a894215f8366487.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.143ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \det \left[sI-\left(A-BK\right)\right]=0.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das Wesen der Polvorgabe besteht nun darin, die Elemente von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> so zu bestimmen, dass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \det \left[sI-\left(A-BK\right)\right]=\prod _{i=1}^{n}(s-s_{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \det \left[sI-\left(A-BK\right)\right]=\prod _{i=1}^{n}(s-s_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8def55c03a75ddfa3fb9076c7cfe47ae30dd3a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:33.934ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \det \left[sI-\left(A-BK\right)\right]=\prod _{i=1}^{n}(s-s_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gilt. Die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cfda82668232cbdc0874ed28ab8b6079420d1ffe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.89ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind dabei die Sollpole des geschlossenen Regelkreises.
</p><p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> die Systemordnung so führt ein <a href="Koeffizientenvergleich" title="Koeffizientenvergleich">Koeffizientenvergleich</a> zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> Gleichungen.
Bei Eingrößensystemen stehen diesen die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> Elemente des Zeilenvektors <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k^{T}=K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k^{T}=K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1dcd90a6f79c2d73a85ab63f0b9b9b7508c8c611.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.765ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k^{T}=K}" loading="lazy"></span> gegenüber. Ist das System steuerbar, so kann eine eindeutige Lösung angegeben werden.
Bei Mehrgrößensystemen mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> Stellgrößen sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\times n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\times n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b2bd3ebfae88cd66c5c2eb301e54467793956fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:5.494ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\times n}" loading="lazy"></span> Elemente von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> zu bestimmen, d.&nbsp;h. das Gleichungssystem ist unterbestimmt. Andererseits sind die Gleichungen nichtlinear, sodass keine allgemeine Lösung angegeben werden kann.
Die Verfahren der <i>modalen Regelung</i> und der <i>Entkopplung nach Falb-Wolovich</i> schränken den Lösungsraum derart ein, dass eine Lösung angegeben werden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>FOE94 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polvorgabe_bei_Eingrößensystemen"><span id="Polvorgabe_bei_Eingr.C3.B6.C3.9Fensystemen"></span>Polvorgabe bei Eingrößensystemen</h3></div>
<p>Die Reglerparameter bestimmen sich nach der Formel von Ackermann in folgender Weise:
</p><p>Es sei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p(s)=\prod _{i=1}^{n}(s-s_{i})=s^{n}+p_{n-1}s^{n-1}+\dots +p_{1}s+p_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p(s)=\prod _{i=1}^{n}(s-s_{i})=s^{n}+p_{n-1}s^{n-1}+\dots +p_{1}s+p_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/82a032d41a187f43a78599d35a8a066cfc817acb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:51.785ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p(s)=\prod _{i=1}^{n}(s-s_{i})=s^{n}+p_{n-1}s^{n-1}+\dots +p_{1}s+p_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>das gewünschte charakteristische Polynom des geschlossenen Regelkreises.
Dann bestimmt sich die Reglermatrix nach
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K=k^{T}=t_{1}^{T}\left(A^{n}+p_{n-1}A^{n-1}+\dots +p_{1}A+p_{0}I\right)=t_{1}^{T}\cdot p(A).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K=k^{T}=t_{1}^{T}\left(A^{n}+p_{n-1}A^{n-1}+\dots +p_{1}A+p_{0}I\right)=t_{1}^{T}\cdot p(A).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/acc61007c67dddb9294ed685e25cd116390ea017.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:61.943ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K=k^{T}=t_{1}^{T}\left(A^{n}+p_{n-1}A^{n-1}+\dots +p_{1}A+p_{0}I\right)=t_{1}^{T}\cdot p(A).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{1}^{T}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{1}^{T}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95115ed081a1bd9737b7440d5dc93a2d8366de3c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.229ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{1}^{T}}" loading="lazy"></span> die letzte Zeile der inversen Steuerbarkeitsmatrix
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{S}^{-1}=\left[b,Ab,\dots ,A^{n-1}b\right]^{-1}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{S}^{-1}=\left[b,Ab,\dots ,A^{n-1}b\right]^{-1}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dedd63216fe0c7e7f382dee38488be233dd8877b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.199ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{S}^{-1}=\left[b,Ab,\dots ,A^{n-1}b\right]^{-1}.}" loading="lazy"></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>FOE94 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<p>Damit ist auch der Zusammenhang zwischen der Polvorgabe und der dazu notwendigen Bedingung der <a href="Steuerbarkeit" title="Steuerbarkeit">Steuerbarkeit</a> offensichtlich.
Tatsächlich wird man natürlich nicht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{S}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{S}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8117f46ccbb24f836a9c48ebbae67ad457a347d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.131ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{S}}" loading="lazy"></span> invertieren, sondern das <a href="Lineares_Gleichungssystem" title="Lineares Gleichungssystem">lineare Gleichungssystem</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{1}^{T}\cdot Q_{S}=\left[0,\dots ,0,1\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{1}^{T}\cdot Q_{S}=\left[0,\dots ,0,1\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a95383531f3c243cea1b1eb2e8b0e3c5705969e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.13ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{1}^{T}\cdot Q_{S}=\left[0,\dots ,0,1\right]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>lösen.
</p><p>Nach <sup id="cite_ref-Abschn.13.3.2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abschn.13.3.2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>FOE94 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wurde dieser Zusammenhang erstmals in
<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> angegeben.
</p><p>Die Verbindung dieser Entwurfsformel mit dem Namen Jürgen Ackermann findet sich z.&nbsp;B. in <sup id="cite_ref-Abschn.13.3.2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abschn.13.3.2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>FOE94 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polvorgabe_bei_Mehrgrößensystemen"><span id="Polvorgabe_bei_Mehrgr.C3.B6.C3.9Fensystemen"></span>Polvorgabe bei Mehrgrößensystemen</h3></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modale_Regelung">Modale Regelung</h4></div>
<p>Die modale Regelung erlaubt die Verschiebung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> Eigenwerten, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> die Anzahl der Stellgrößen ist. Durch mehrfaches Durchführen können aber letztlich alle Pole verschoben werden.
Die Reglermatrix bestimmt sich nach
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K={\begin{pmatrix}w_{1}^{T}B\\\vdots \\w_{p}^{T}B\end{pmatrix}}^{-1}\cdot \operatorname {diag} (\lambda _{1}-s_{1},\dots ,\lambda _{p}-s_{p})\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}w_{1}^{T}\\\vdots \\w_{p}^{T}\end{pmatrix}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>B</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>B</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>diag</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K={\begin{pmatrix}w_{1}^{T}B\\\vdots \\w_{p}^{T}B\end{pmatrix}}^{-1}\cdot \operatorname {diag} (\lambda _{1}-s_{1},\dots ,\lambda _{p}-s_{p})\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}w_{1}^{T}\\\vdots \\w_{p}^{T}\end{pmatrix}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/69bfe3362fa12e62b75c8f731af29517df6dfa5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.698ex; margin-bottom: -0.307ex; width:55.06ex; height:11.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K={\begin{pmatrix}w_{1}^{T}B\\\vdots \\w_{p}^{T}B\end{pmatrix}}^{-1}\cdot \operatorname {diag} (\lambda _{1}-s_{1},\dots ,\lambda _{p}-s_{p})\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}w_{1}^{T}\\\vdots \\w_{p}^{T}\end{pmatrix}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{i}^{T}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{i}^{T}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f3694adb5e35168d4361dda831bdb52c90497f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.053ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{i}^{T}}" loading="lazy"></span> die sog. <a href="Linkseigenvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Linkseigenvektor">Linkseigenvektoren</a>, also die Zeilen der Inversen der Eigenvektormatrix der Systemmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72fde940918edf84caf3d406cc7d31949166820f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.155ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Eigenwerte des Systems und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cfda82668232cbdc0874ed28ab8b6079420d1ffe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.89ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Solleigenwerte.
</p><p>Die nicht gezielt verschobenen Eigenwerte bleiben bei diesem Entwurfsverfahren unverändert. Sollen diese auch verschoben werden, so ist das Verfahren abermals auf den geschlossen (inneren) Regelkreis anzuwenden.<sup id="cite_ref-Abschn.13.3.3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abschn.13.3.3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>FOE94 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Nach <sup id="cite_ref-Abschn.13.3.3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abschn.13.3.3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>FOE94 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stammt das Verfahren von H. H. Rosenbrock (1962).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entkopplung_nach_Falb-Wolovich">Entkopplung nach Falb-Wolovich</h4></div>
<p>Ziel der Entkopplung nach Falb-Wolowich ist ein Führungsverhalten, bei dem eine Änderung einer Führungsgröße auch nur die dazugehörige Regelgröße beeinflusst.
</p><p>Nach <sup id="cite_ref-Abschn.13.5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abschn.13.5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>FOE94 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wird er in <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vorgestellt. Es lässt sich auf zeitvariante und nichtlineare Systeme erweitern. Für Details sei auf <sup id="cite_ref-Abschn.13.5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abschn.13.5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>FOE94 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> verwiesen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur_und_Einzelnachweise">Literatur und Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<p>Grundlage des Artikels ist
Otto Föllinger: <cite style="font-style:italic">Regelungstechnik, Einführung in die Methoden und ihre Anwendung</cite>. 8. Auflage. Hüthig Verlag, Heidelberg 1994, ISBN 3-7785-2336-8.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Polvorgabe&amp;rft.au=Otto+F%C3%B6llinger&amp;rft.btitle=Regelungstechnik%2C+Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Methoden+und+ihre+Anwendung&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.edition=8.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3778523368&amp;rft.place=Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=H%C3%BCthig+Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<ol class="references" data-mw-group="FOE94">
<li id="cite_note-FOE94Absch.14-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOE94Absch.14_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abschnitt 14</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOE94Absch.13.3.1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOE94Absch.13.3.1_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abschnitt 13.3.1</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abschnitt 13.3.3, 13.5</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abschnitt 13.3.2 Formel (13.32)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Abschn.13.3.2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Abschn.13.3.2_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Abschn.13.3.2_5-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Abschnitt 13.3.2</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Abschn.13.3.3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Abschn.13.3.3_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Abschn.13.3.3_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Abschnitt 13.3.3</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Abschn.13.5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Abschn.13.5_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Abschn.13.5_9-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Abschnitt 13.5</span>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Dieser zitiert folgende Einzelartikel, die aus geschichtlichen Gründen angegeben werden.
</p>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Ackermann: <i>Der Entwurf linearer Regelungssysteme im Zustandsraum.</i> Regelungstechnik 20 (1972), S.&nbsp;297–300.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. H. Rosenbrock: <i>Distinctive Problems of Process Control.</i> Chemical Engineering Progress 58 (1962), S.&nbsp;43–50.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. L. Falb - W. A. Wolovich: <i>Decoupling in the Design and Synthesis of Multivariable Control Systems.</i> IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control 12 (1967), S.&nbsp;651–659.</span>
</li>
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